The Tate Modern: History and Development

The Tate innovative Hi taradiddle and DevelopmentInstitutions in the artistic productions and Media Galleries and the rise of the prowess market commission on the Tate Modern. (UK)The dazzling success of the Tate Modern has threatened to all overwhelm Tate Britain(formerly the Tate movement.) But, says Tate managing director Nicholas Serota, Brit art was thriving long before Hirst et al re virginedLondons international status. (Taken from The Timeout extend to Tate Britain, Nov 2001.)In his Fore parole to Tate Modern The Handbook, Director Lars Nittve writes e very museum is unique Tate Moderns individuality lies non just in its collection or its locationbut also in its computer architecture.Indeed, what was virtuoso time known as the Tate Gallery has underg maven a major overhaul. There be now quadruplet branches two in London (one at Millbank the Tate Modern at Bankside one in St. Ives and one in Liverpool). According to Nittve, the Tate at Millbank used to be the bi g pay off ship, where everything sat-curators, administration, conservation, etc. Now were moving to something much analogous a federation.This paper entrust take a close look at the Tate Modern, first exploring its singular invoice and its architectural uniqueness. We draw in out hence charge on the wealth and variety of its collection, which is divided into four underlying themes embellish, still behavior, hi floor painting, and nudes. Finally, we will examine the Tate Modern in the the largishr framework of contemporary art and media, taking note of its influence on the UK art market, and measuring its status in the international art world.History of the Tate ModernNicholas Serota was appointed Director of the Tate at Millbank in 1988, and shortly after this unconquerable to embark on a account of modifications. In an attempt to re-establish the original architectural integrity of the Millbank building, Serota decided to remove all signs of artifice. He decided to obliterate the false ceilings and temporary walls. He also decided upon a major reorganisation of the collection.Welcome as these changes may have been, they also brought to light the fact that there was simply not enough space to implement all these changes if the museum were to remain in its occurrent setting. This eventually led to the decision to expand, a move which has had far-reaching effects in the art world, not just in the UK but internationally.The search for a wise site ultimately led to the old Bankside creator transport. Originally designed and built after the Second World War, the Bankside Power Station was the work of Giles gigabit Scott, a respected British architect. Scott also designed the now defunct power station at Battersea, as well as the Liverpool Anglican Cathedral. He is go around known, however, as the designer of the once ubiquitous telephone box (Craig-Martin, 14).Michael Craig-Martin, one of the trustees assigned to investigating potential sites for the stark naked Tate, notes thatThe Bankside building was notable for its plain red brick outside and the powerful symmetry of its horizontal mass bisected at the centre by a single tall, squ are chimney. The building was articulated on three sides by a series of immense, well-detailed windows. The only decoration came from the brickwork crenellation along the buildings edging, cleverly mitigating its swell bulk (Craig-Martin, 14-15).The discovery of the Bankside Power Station opened up new vistas for the trustees of the new Tate. First of all was the issue of size of it the Bankside Power Station was larger than any of them had imagined. Adjusting their expectations to include such a vast space opened up an entirely new perspective as well as a world of chance.Second, of all, building provided they had assumed that they would be commissioning abuilding yethere was the power station, basically intact. They now had to consider the possibility that there would be no need to raze the existing building and start over what if they were to work with the existing structure, and make changes as needed? This, clearly, would be a break from the course things were traditionally done. Thus, after visiting the Bankside Power Station, the trustees vision of what the new gallery could be began to change, and their preconceived notions were replaced by exciting new concepts (Craig-Martin, 15).The existence of so many positive factors convinced the trustees that the Bankside site was the best choice as the new site of the home of modern art. Not only were the possibilities were inviting also to be considered was the location, which was ideal the possibility of development and the interest and deliver of the local government. repair was certainly a major consideration this London location boasted first-rate transport facilities, including the new tube station at Southwark. In addition, there was the possibility of a river bank connection with the Millbank gallery(C raig-Martin, 15). And the local Southwark Council wasted no time in acknowledging the potential impact this could have on the local community, an area ofttimes in need of a financial and industrial boost The local council, Southwark, recognising the potential impact of the Tate project on development and employment in this more often than not run-down area, enthusiastically supported it from the start (Craig-Martin, 15).Architectural DesignRelocation to the Bankside site meant opened up a wealth of opportunity for the Tate. Forstarters, the vast size of the building meant that the Tate would be able tomore than double its efficacy for showing its collection as well as housing major large-scale temporary exhibitions (Craig-Martin, 15). beyond this, the possibilities seemed even more exciting even after expansion, there would be a vast expanse of untouched space, leaving the possibilities for continued growth and capacity for even greater acquisitions wide open.But questions of how to approach and re-design this space still had to be sorted out. DirectorNicholas Serota enlisted the assistance of Trustee Michael Craig-Martin andsculptor Bill Woodrow to visit some of the newer museums of contemporary art onthe Continent, and to consider them critically from our point of view asartists (Craig-Martin, 17). In this way, Serota befriended to best utilize the newspace, with an eye on art, rather than architecture.After visiting a number of modern museums, Martin and Woodrow found that for the most part,modern museums better served the interests of architects and architecture than those of art and artists. Clearly the interests of art were not the primary consideration of those chosen to design the space that would best showcase it. Many architects clearly considered designing a museum to be a prime opportunity for high-profile signature work. On the other hand few architects seemed sincerely yours to understand or be interested in the needs of art (Craig-Martin, 1 7).They reported these findings to Serota and the other trustees, with the ultimate result that there was a shift in the thinking behind the architectural approach. Now, thecentral concern of the design of the new building would be to address the needs of art through the quality of the galleries and the track down ofopportunities, both sympathetic and challenging, for showing art. While seeking the best possible architectural solution, we de confinesined that the project would be art led not architecture led (Craig-Martin, 17).The decision ofthe trustees was not a popular one in many circles. Architects in particular felt deprived, seeing the decision only in light of their own potential growth or lack thereof Some, seeing this as the betrayal of a unique architectural opportunity for London, understand it as the result of a loss of institutional nerve (Craig-Martin, 17).Ultimately, Herzog de Meuron were selected to be the architects. They were the only ones whose design managed to keep the building intact without making major changes to its basic structure, to appreciate the beauty and value already inherent in the existing structure Herzog de Meurons was the only proposal that completely accepted the existing building its form, its materials and its industrial characteristics and saw the solution to be the transformation of the building itself into an art gallery (Craig-Martin, 17).Indeed, as pointed out by Insight Guides Tate Modern has captured the publics imagination in a quite unprecedented way, both for its displays and its building, which establishes a magnificent presence on the South Bank (194).The CollectionInsight Guides assures that the arrangement of the collection makes it both more accessible to, and more popular with, the general public (194). Instead of achronology, the work is organized by a four separate (though admittedly overlapping) themes. The displays replace a single historical account with many different stories of artistic acti vity and suggest their relationship to the wider social and cultural history of the 20th and early 21stcentury (Insight Guides 194).The four themes are, basically landscape, still demeanor, history painting, and nudes.Within each of these broad themes it is possible to explore a rich syntax of intention and strategy, (Blazwick Morris, 35).Landscape/Matter/ surroundingsWhen one thinks of landscapes, a variety of scenes may come to mind waves crashing on a rocky beach a horizon of dark, menacing clouds skyscrapers silhouetted against a sunset. As Blazwick Morris point out, the genre of landscape is primarily understood as a representation of a natural or urban scene, which might be topographic, metaphorical or sublime (35). At the Tate Modern, however, the genre of landscape has been reconceived to include the zone of the imaginary, uncanny dreamscapes, symbolic visualisations of anxiety and desire (Blazwick Morris, 35).As Jennifer Mundy points out, landscape is an ambiguous st ipulation and can have several overlapping meanings much of its resonance derives from the often uncertain boundary between nature and culture, the objective and the subjective (42). Thus a landscape may be a faithful rendering of the physical world, such as the dreamy middle-class rudesides of Impressionism. Or it may be symbolic rendering of an interior landscape, such as the more obscure works of the Surrealists.The Tate Moderns Landscape collection tries to reflect the range and diversity of this genre, while also addressing the confused threat of modern technology. As Mundy notes,today the threat posed to the environment by modern technology and the growth of the human population has made the natural landscape a topical, even urgent, subject for art (50).StillLife/Object/Real LifePaul Moorhouse posits that among the many radical developments in the visual arts during the last hundred years, one of the most significant has been the extraordinary growth and transformation of t he genre known as still life (60). By the issue of Cubism, still life no longer meant an apple on a plate, but rather the complexity of the relationship of the objects to each other and to the spectator pump The inertness of such objects as a glass, a bottle, a pipe or a newspaper provided a perfect vehicle for evoking the complex phenomenological relationships between such artefacts, the surrounding space and the viewer perceiving them (62).The Tate Moderns collection is a reflection of the evolution of the form referred to as still life, and which today defies definition. According to Moorhouse, this fusion of the actual and the symbolic has created the conditions for a remarkable muscularity and diversity in contemporary art (68), a vitality and diversity reflected in the Tate Moderns ever-changing representations of the genre.History/Memory/SocietyThe concept of history/ retrospect/society is wide-ranging and ambitious, perhaps intentionally so. Public morality, politics, ide ology, idealism and suffering among other themes still preoccupy artists today comments Jeremy Lewison (88). The Tate Modern collection attempts to represent these themes as they are expressed in modernity, while reflecting the continuum in which they necessarily exist. Clearly this is an ambitious task, considering the multitude of methods used to express and relate these concepts across the ages.The essay of history has descended to the micro level, posits Lewison, adding that it has been, in a sense, democratised. History is no longer solely the provenance of leaders and heroes it is rather, in the hands of the common individual. The artists of today have followed a similar course, Lewison suggests, and, by employing the same strategies, by opening themselves to techniques and concepts derived from the human and social sciences, artists today address issues relevant to contemporary life (88).Nude/ reach/ physical structureAmong the most ancient man-made objects recognisable as b elonging to the category that we callart are small naked human figures carved from stone or off-white posits SimonWilson (96). Clearly, as humans we are obsessed with representations of the body and this has been reflected throughout history.The final decades of the twentieth century have seen remarkable changes in the concept of the human body. of import advances in technology, combined with the lengthened lifespans of our population, have spurred a re-thinking of what the body is indeed, at times it has seemed to become objectified. These changes are of course reflected in art.As Wilson points out, during this time period artists began to use their own body as the expressive medium, initially creating necessarily ephemeral works in the form of what became known as Performance art (104). This, in conjunction with use of conglomerate media such as film, video, and still photography, is all part of the Tate Moderns programme in accurately capturing and representing this genre.The Tate Modern and the International Art WorldThe success of the Tate Modern may have initially seemed to eclipse the Tate Britain however, a response like this surely had to have been expected. The selection of Giles Gilbert Scotts Bankside Power Station as its new home was itself a newsworthy event. The subsequent choice of Herzog de Meuron as architects scramd considerable buzz in the art world and the country at large. Therefore it issmall wonder that when it finally opened its doors, the world was indeed dazzled by the Tate Modern.Stephen Deuchar, Director of the Tate Britain, writes in the Fore hold to Humphreys bookthe creation in 2000 of Tate Modern and Tate Britain as distinctive entities with the Tate organisation, were initial steps towards the renaissance of Millbank. Now, with many new galleries for displays and exhibitions, and with a future programme setting our collections withina plethora of new contexts, national and international, our map here as the worlds centre for the study and enjoyment of British art may emergewith fresh clarityThere is, however, no doubt that the Tate Modern will play an influential role in the art world. It is unique in conception, as noted earlier, because it was carefully designed to meet the needs of the artist, as debate to those of the architect. As Craig-Martin pointed out, while seeking the best possible architectural solution, we determined that the project would be art led not architecture led(17).In addition, there is the simple, yet vitally important issue of size and space alone. The discovery of the Bankside Power Station opened up new vistas for the trustees of the new Tate. Bankside Power Station was larger than any of them had imagined, and the process of adjusting their expectations to include such a vast space opened up an entirely new perspective. Not only were the possibilities were inviting also to be considered was the location, which was ideal the possibility of development and the interest an d support of the local government.Beyond the mere physical properties such as architecture and size are the ways in which these attributes are utilised. The vision of the Tate Modern thus far seems to be on the cutting edge. The best museums of the future willseek to promote different modes and levels of variant by subtle juxtapositions of experience writes Nicholas Serota. He further asserts that the best museums will contain somerooms and works that will be fixed, the pole star around which the others will turnin this way we can expect to create a matrix of changing relationshipsto be explored by visitors according to their particular interests and sensibilities (54-55).As Deuchar hassaid, we no longer select to relate a single narrative of British art and culture, but to explore a network of stories about art and about Britain, with our collections at its kernel (Foreward to Humphreys book). And has Nittve has pointed out the Tate at Millbank used to be the big mother ship, wh ere everything sat curators, administration, conservation, etc. Now were moving to something more like a federation (Frankel).The Tate Modern, the demand extension of this core, may in fact be viewed as a pole star in itself, at the forefront of the modern art scene, with a world of limitless potential ahead.Reference ListAdams, Brooks, Lisa Jardine, Martin Maloney, Norman Rosenthal, and Richard Shone. 1997. Sensation Young British Artists from the Saatchi Collection. London Royal Academy of Arts.Blazwick, Iwona and Frances Morris. 2000. Showing the Twentieth Century. In Tate Modern The Handbook, eds. Iwona Blazwick and Simon Wilson, pp. 28-39. Berkeley U of CA Press with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited.Craig-Martin, Michael. 2000. Towards Tate Modern. In Tate Modern The Handbook, eds. Iwona Blazwick and Simon Wilsonpp. 12-23.Berkeley U of CA Press with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited.Frankel, David. April 2000. Art Forum.http//www.24hourscholar.com/p/articles/mi_m0268/is_8_38/ai_6 1907715Accessed May 26, 2005.Humphreys, Richard. 2001. The Tate Britain Companion to British Art. London TatePublishing.Insight Guides Museums and Galleries of London. 2002. Basingstoke, Hants GeoCenter InternationalLtd.Lewison, Jeremy. 2000. History Memory/Society. In Tate Modern The Handbook, eds. Iwona Blazwickand Simon Wilsonpp. 74-93. Berkeley U of CA Press, with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited.Massey, Doreen. 2000. Bankside International Local. In Tate Modern The Handbook, eds. Iwona Blazwick and Simon Wilsonpp. 24-27.Berkeley U of CA Press with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited.Moorhouse, Paul. Still Life/Object/RealLife. 2000. In Tate Modern The Handbook, eds. Iwona Blazwickand Simon Wilsonpp. 58-73. Berkeley U of CA Press with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited.Mundy, Jennifer. 2000.Landscape/Matter/Environment. In Tate Modern The Handbook,eds. Iwona Blazwick and Simon Wilsonpp. 40-53.Berkeley U of CA Press with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited.Serota, Nicholas. 1996. Experience or Interpretation The Dilemma of Museums of Modern Art. WalterNeurath biography Lectures, London Birkbeck College.Shone, Richard. 1997. From Freeze to House 1988-94. In Sensation Young BritishArtists from the Saatchi Collection. London Royal Academy of Arts.Wilson, David M., ed. 1989. The Collections of the British Museum. London British MuseumPress.Wilson, Simon. 2000. Nude/Action/Body. InTate Modern The Handbook, eds. Iwona Blazwick and Simon Wilsonpp. 94-107. Berkeley U of CA Press with Tate Gallery Publishing Limited.What is psychogenic wellness?What is rational health?What is noetic health?Mental health refers to our emotional well existence, it is all about how we think, feel and behave.The relevance of working with patients with mental health problems for me will be a challenge to start with. While on my placement I come across many patients why are suffering with Alzheimer and Dementia and most are suffering with mental health disorders of various kinds.In my central di scussion I intend to cover the case of one patient named Joe who has metal health problems.Mental health is a term that encompasses a range of experiences and situations. It can be an on going experience from mental wellbeing through to a severe and enduring mental infirmity affecting a persons overall emotional and psychological condition. Incidents in life such as bereavement, financial and personal happiness such as the way we feel about ourselves can lead to depression and anxiety.Mental nausea may be experienced by tribe who have a mental health problem to such a degree that they may be diagnosed as having a mental illness, requiring the involvement of specialist services and support. Consequently, some people with mental illness will need no support, others may need only occasional support, and still others may require more substantial, ongoing support to maintain their quality of life.To understand the difference between mental health and mental illness specifically relat es to both the length of time and severity of the changes to a persons behaviour thought patterns and display of emotions. The more severe and lengthy the impact of these changes, the more a person may struggle to manage their everyday life and the greater the chances of them developing a mental illness.One mental health problem that an individual may experience could be through the loss of a hunch over one. People who are already suffering with a mental health issues are going to find that the trauma of discovering that some one who they loved has passed away will be an even greater burden on their already mental fragility. Such feelings that one will experience after being told about the death of a close relation can range from depression, suicidal thoughts, feelings of hopelessness, loneliness and unable to cope with daily life.The mental health state of this individual patient would give me a lot of concerns after such a shock as a bereavement of a close relative. His mental he alth state before this news was given to him, was giving me great concerns as he was already showing signs of suicidal tendencies. This gentlemens demure was one of a frail individual lacking any self esteem and of a nervous disposition. Other symptoms noticed were a sense of instability, inability to communicate verbally in a precise and understandable manner.As a nurse the care and assistance I can assist the patient with would be to address to the patient in a quieter none judgmental manner and listen in attentively to what the patient has to say dependant on the severity of the mental illness the patient suffering and his behavior would really be an indication as to what help I could be most useful to assisting him/her in. If the patients mental illness is severe and of a violent nature the nurse would have to understand her limitation and abilities before confronting the patient. Otherwise one you could do more harm than swell and put your self in danger. If you as a nurse f eel comfortable and confident in your own judgment with the placement you can then start to talk and listen to what the patient has to say. It is important to talk to the patient in a non professional spoken manner, using none technical word and phrases, so that the patient feels comfortable and confident in your approach to them.For this assignment the chosen topic will be depression. The patient in this case study will have his name protected by the NMC code of professional conduct 2009 and for that matter he will be referred to as Joe. Joe was admitted into hospital during my placement.Joe was admitted onto the ward after suffering a fractured femur when he fell to the ground coming down his stairs in his house. He was calling out for help and was discovered one hour later by a neighbour who was passing by his house.On admission Joes medical notes indicated that Joe has a history of depression and is on a daily medication of Fluoxetine which has a brand name of Prozac.Joe is Brit ish gentlemen aged 68 years old and Joe has now been uninvolved from his wife for the last 8 years. He has three grown up sons but does not now have any contact or get any support from them. Joe dwells alone in a council run flat and his occupation was a bus driver.His depression over the years had made him unaffectionate and a reclusive person.He stated that he had been a depressive person on and off for his whole life and that his depressive state had only now in old age become a hindrance to his normal lifestyle, thus accumulating in recent bouts of dizziness, fainting and the subsequent breaking of bones after falls. Joe was quite prosperous this time around in that his fall from the stairs was quite a short fall of some 4 steps, if he had fallen from the top flying of stairs he could be in hospital with far greater injuries than what he actually sustained and his fall could have been fatal.ReferenceMental health http//www.liv.ac.uk/counserv/self_help/mental_health/definitio n_mhealth.htmDifference illness and health Bowers, L. The Social Nature of Mental Illness, 1998, Routledge.Bereavement Studies of Grief in Adult Life (Paperback) by Colin Murray Parkes (Author), Holly Prigerson (Author) 1st variation 1972, page 1AppendixAction PlanSummary The fabrication Of Deirdre EssaySummary The Story Of Deirdre EssayIn the middle ages, there were a lot of stories written that were tied together with the culture in which they were written by. Some even had an intense connection with the author that wrote them. A few examples are Thorstein the Staff- Struck in which was tied with the Norse culture, Everyman which has a Christian tie, and The Story of Deirdre with an Irish Celtic tie. To me the one that has the strongest tie to its culture is that of The Story of Deirdre and the Celtic culture. fair(a) from reading the story and knowing a little about the Celtic culture will make this evident. So Ill start by giving you a little background or brief summary fr om the story.First Ill start by giving you a brief summary of The Story of Deirdre. The story started off with a gathering of warriors and counselors and their wives and kids. The host is Felim MacDall. His wife is pregnant with a child. All of a sudden the unborn child screams from within its mother loud enough for all of the guests to hear it. After so a Druid named Cathbad tells the prophecy of the child. It is a girl and she will be named Deirdre, but she will cause a great amount of grief and also cause the death of many kings. Hearing this prophecy the King of Ulster, Conchubar mac Nessa wanted Deirdre for himself. So her family concur and gave her to him. He thought he would wait for her to turn of marrying age and then they would be together forever. However a young warrior named Naoise came and Deirdre fell in love with him. They eventually ran away together causing a great deal of anger with Conchubar mac Nessa. Time passed and Conchubar mac Nessa agreed to let them retur n to the res publica unharmed. That was a lie. Naoise was killed. But still Deirdre didnt want him so he gave her to one of his warriors, MacDurthacht. Deirdre couldnt stand the fact that she was being used like this so while she was in a chariot going down the road she put her head out of the window and smashed it on some passing rocks, which killed her.In a few parts of that summary the Irish Celtic culture ties in with The Story of Deirdre. The beginning in which they are all gathered up is one. It is very typical of the Irish Heroic Age tradition for it all to start off with a large gathering where they are eating and drinking. The otherworldly screech of the unborn child also added to this tradition. Then the next thing would be the entrance of a druid. The druid comes in and gives a prophecy that sets the outcome of the future. All of these examples ties the story with an Irish Heroic Age tradition. some other connection between the Irish Celtic culture and The Story of Dei rdre is how Deirdre kills herself. The Irish Celtic people believed that the skull was where the soul rested, not the heart. The Celtic people were well known for the fact that they were the only known to date head hunters. They cut the heads off of the warriors they killed because they believed it to bring them supernatural abilities. Also when one of them died, the remaining living warriors would find the dead warriors bodies and crack their skulls. This was because they believe that the soul could not travel to the afterlife if it were not possible for it to leave the skull. So in the case of Deirdre she wasnt going to continue life with Conchubar mac Nessa and his warrior so she decided to kill herself. But without cracking her skull, her soul wouldnt be able to move on to the afterlife. So in a split second she hung her head out of the Carriage window and cracked her head against some passing rocks.The Story of Deirdre also portrays its characters as being associated with the m anner in which the Celtic personalities were portrayed then and continued to be portrayed now. One example is that of Conchubar mac Nessa. He think on marrying Deirdre from before she was even born. This meant that he had to wait till she turned of age. This was often the case in the Celtic culture. Old men would declare a marriage to a young teenage girl before she was even the age to birth a child. This happened often with high ranked men such as counselors, warriors, and high up others. Also the girls that they declare marriage to often had a high social status themselves, most being kings or counselors daughters. Another example in which The Story of Deirdre ties in with the Celtic culture is that it has a similar format in which all of the other stories followed. Started off with a large group of people feasting or just a basic meeting. The characters are all basically believable but then it adds a supernatural event. In this case the unborn child screaming from within its mot hers womb. The rest of the story is filled with a controversy between to highly rated people, until the death of one of them. Also the story was based on the determination of fate. Deirdre was destined to cause all of this drama and also the death of these men.The middle ages period was filled with great works of literature that reflected the culture in which it was written and some of the time even reflected the author that wrote it. The stories I mentioned in the beginning are just a few examples that can be used to prove this true. The Story of Deirdre gave a good insight into the Celtic culture. Whether it be the characters personalities in the stories, the format in which the story was written, or the actions of some of the characters, Deirdre bashing her head on the rocks.