Doctoral Program in Organizational Management Essay Example for Free

Doctoral Program in Organizational Management Essay I believe that education and educating is a never ending knowledge sharing process. Every moment is a moment of truth to gain experience. I have had the opportunity of learning many key aspects of management in my graduation. My passion towards gaining expertise in organizational management and leadership increased in my previous academics. To learn indepth with more focus on my core areas of interest, I prefer to be with the industry and academic experts of well known institutions, who not only cement my concepts but open these theoretical ideas in practical means of implementation Organizational management is an unique area of academics and management field where we need to educate upon the practical experience of many business cases in real life. A doctoral program will open up many wakes of dimensions which otherwise cannot be shared. The doctoral program will provide me with time, space and expertise to explore the intricacies in drawing the excellence in the field. Using these resources I would like to investigate acceptable scholarly methodology to address applied and practical problems. My future Scholarly endeavors would address needs identified by problematic conditions in the field; and conversely, would be guided to research-based best practices. University of Phoenix is a pioneer in management education imparting competence among the management students before real time work experience in business environment. Thus Phoenix creates sets the ideology of students towards leading an organization right from the academics. Phoenix offers flexibility in the scheduling the learning hours and the learning centers at the reach of the students which provides ample opportunity to learn and leverage to the career path.

The Ultimate Goal Of JIT

The Ultimate Goal Of JIT JIT is a Japanese concept. Also called the Toyota production system, it aims at producing the necessary parts in quantities needed, at the time they are required. The ultimate goal of JIT is to eliminate inventory, to have minimal work in process inventory monitored by reduction in working capital. JIT considers 7 types of wastes. Overproduction producing more than the customer needs Transportation Anywhere where goods are moved within a process Waiting where waiting time occurs, traditionally where one process waits for another to finish before it can start. Inventory typified by stock or materials that are not being used in the process or current activity. Motion Poor planning and organizational layout often cause motion waste Over processing where steps occur in the production process that do not add value to the end customer this is termed overproduction Defects The process results in an error or requires rework JIT divides all works into value adding and non-value adding activities and then eliminates all non value adding activities. Kanban is one means through which JIT is achieved. It is a scheduling system that tells you what to produce, when to produce it, and how much to produce Poka-yoke is a Japanese term that means fail-safing or mistake-proofing. Its purpose is to eliminate product defects by preventing, correcting, or drawing attention to human errors as they occur. Autonomation describes a feature of machine design to affect the principle of jidoka. At Toyota this usually means that if an abnormal situation arises the machine stops and the worker will stop the production line. Kaizen refers to the philosophy or practices that focus upon continuous improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, supporting business processes, and management. Literature review Weiters (1984) in one of the first literatures on this topic states that Financial justification of JIT in service industries is less likely but in service industries JIT offers intangible benefits in terms of improved service quality and customer satisfaction.(cited by Inman and Mehra 1990) Benson (1986) was the first to point out Service operations are organised systems of production processes with the same potential of improvement through implementation of JIT precepts as manufacturing operations Cited by Duclos et. al. 1995 Berling and Geppi (1989) studied the supply chain of healthcare sector and offered JIT as an approach to hospitals in order to reduce inventory. They suggested closer relationships between hospitals and distributors. Billesbach and Schniederjans (1989) present a case study on JIT application in an administration setting. The case was on a big corporation and JIT programme was implemented in the headquarters of this corporation. Their approach was based on examining activities and the ones not contributing to result to be eliminated. Inman and Mehra (1990) had worked on FedEx. This package delivery company implements JIT to reduce their inventory of quasi-MRO goods (mainly packaging, labelling supplies).aimed at improving their service quality and competitiveness through implementation of JIT and anticipated that inventories would be reduced as a result. Lee (1990) presents a case study of a small bank. Study is focused on this banks loan approval process. Bank follows a two phase process and first evaluates the applications and makes the decision of lending in second phase. This process usually takes 12 days. Applying JIT approach whole process is redesigned and several tasks are unified. New approval process takes 4-5 days. Wasco et. al.( 1991) presents a case Kodaks quality assurance division. This division provides services to worldwide chain of Kodak. An MRP II system is implemented with JIT approach and conclusion of the study is JIT techniques enhance the potential of MRP application. One of the most radical case studies is presented by Barlow (2002). He investigates the applicability of JIT techniques to hotel industry. Weakness of this study is it concentrates on liquor stocks of these hotels and draws conclusions on if statements and these hotels actually do not adopt any JIT techniques. Ruiz (2003 pp.1) JIT focuses on the process, not product. Therefore it can be applied (in theory) to any group of processes, whether manufacturing or service. Ultimate goal of JIT is to produce a good and a service without waste Literature on the matter quite confidently states that JIT can be applied in services and through reported case studies evidence is provided. JIT applications in service industries are vague in some sense. There are no empirical studies and reported case usually resembles manufacturing setting. Service operations management evolution How to implement JIT in services? A philosophy of manufacturing excellence based on pursuit of the planned elimination of all waste and consistent improvement of productivity. It encompasses the successful execution of all manufacturing activities required to produce a final product from design engineering to delivery and including all stages from conversion of raw material onward (APICS, 1992). Total visibility of equipment, people, material and processes; Synchronization and balance of production to sales and supply to production; Respect for people Line operators is responsible for production, problem solving and improvement; Flexibility adapt production to customer needs; Continuous improvement never satisfied with the process; Responsibility for the operations environment those who design, manage and operate the processes are responsible for the outcome; Holistic approach companywide philosophy of elimination of waste; Each of these JIT themes may be applicable to service organizations; Synchronization and balance of information and work flow matching output with customer demand one of the important aspects of service operations often cannot inventory the output of their processes making balance even more vital Semantodontics, a direct marketing company selling nationwide by catalogue to dentists, also found JIT an appropriate approach for reducing the time to process paperwork (Conant, 1988) and, hence, the time required for a dentist to receive an order. The idea of making lot sizes as small as possible was implemented by decreasing the batch size in which telephone orders were aggregated. As a result, telephone orders were moved to the second stage of the process three times daily rather than once a day, as was the previous norm. Set-up time for entering new customer records was reduced by moving the process to the original telephone operation where the data were first gathered. The decrease in order batch size had a behavioural impact on employees as well. From the sense of satisfaction gained on completion of multiple small batches, employees tended to work faster and more efficiently. Atlantic Envelope Company uses kanban trays at its Atlanta facility to move documents within the order entry department. Order entry time fell to under a day from a previous uncertain number of days. Total visibility of all components of the process Northern Telecom Inc.s (NTI) Customer Service Centre borders the traditional manufacturing environment (Savage-Moore, 1988) and the implementation is a good example of providing visibility through the use of work cells. This unit of NTI has the labour-intensive responsibility of repairing printed circuit packs (PCPs). For an individual PCP, it is difficult to predefine the specific repair process required, not unlike a job shop environment. The work cell concept was applied to keep all work on a PCP performed within a single cell and by one team of employees. This provided all employees repairing a PCP with visibility as to the repair needs and processes used to repair the product. Additionally, employees were cross-trained to staff the cells and jobs were redefined to recognize employee training efforts. Over a two-year period, NTI saw customer service levels increase from 85 per cent to 100 per cent and quality levels significantly improved. Work-in-progress inventory was reduced b y 75 per cent and repair cycle times reduced from one week to less than 48 hours. Continuous improvement of the process The Manufacturing Quality Assurance Organization at Kodak in Rochester, New York provides specialized services in the form of sample testing of photographic film, chemical and environmental testing, equipment development and calibration control. JIT precepts were introduced to provide a framework for involving the entire organization in continuous improvement (Wasco et al., 1991). Fifty JIT cells were established to start the JIT delivery of products or services based on functional precepts. JIT activities were used to reduce work-handling steps and run times. Improvements through JIT techniques saved an average of $33,000 per month in 1990. Holistic approach to elimination of waste suppliers Few suppliers; Nearby suppliers; Repeat business with same suppliers; Active use of analysis to enable desirable suppliers to become/stay price-competitive; Clusters of remote suppliers, competitive bidding mostly limited to new part numbers; Buyer plant resists vertical integration and subsequent wipe-out of supplier business; Suppliers are encouraged to extend JIT buying to their suppliers; Quantities: Steady output rate (a desirable prerequisite); Frequent delivery in small quantities; Long-term contract agreements; Minimal release paperwork; Delivery quantities variable from release to release, but fixed for whole contract term; Little or no permissible overage or underage of receipts; Suppliers encouraged to package in exact quantities; Suppliers encouraged reducing their production lot sizes (or store unreleased material); Quality: Minimal product specifications imposed on supplier; Help suppliers to meet quality requirements; Close relationships between buyers and suppliers quality assurance people; Suppliers encouraged to use process control charts instead of lot sampling inspection; shipping: Scheduling of inbound freight; Gain control by use of company-owned or contract shipping, contract warehousing, and trailers for freight consolidation/storage where possible instead of using common carriers. Flexibility in the use of resources Bookbinder and Locke (1986) present a model to determine if JIT distribution methodology is a feasible alternative to traditional distribution methods. They investigated the behaviour of two different distribution models for JIT organizations. In the first, a factory-warehouse-retailer distribution system, the warehouse holds stock. In the second, stock moves from factory directly to retailers. The models were compared using statistical tests, and the second model was determined to be the superior distribution system because it furnished essentially the same service level to retailers while carrying one less echelon of stock. Another mathematical model is offered by Ramasesh (1990) for the implementation of JIT techniques in purchasing systems that have not yet advanced to the ultimate level of JIT purchasing (lot size of one). He treated the fixed costs associated with the adoption of JIT as investment, and justified it based on the savings generated using any of the techniques of investment analysis. He modified the traditional economic order quantity model to include explicitly the costs of small-lot shipments. He also provided guidelines and formulae for determining the order quantity and the optimal number of shipments. Case studies DHL- impact of JIT The founders began to personally ship papers by airline from San Francisco to Honolulu, beginning customs clearance of the ships cargo before the actual arrival of the ship and dramatically reducing waiting time in the harbour. With this concept, a new industry was born: international air express, the rapid delivery of documents and shipments by airplane. DHL network continued to grow at an incredible pace. The company expanded westward from Hawaii into the Far East and Pacific Rim, then the Middle East, Africa and Europe. By 1988, DHL was already present in 170 countries and had 16,000 employees. The different business units of the company are DHL Express DHL Freight DHL Global Forwarding DHL Exel Supply DHL Global Mail The process above mentioned was improved using JIT with following ways Inventory Management Concerning Services For instance, in the case of DHL, vehicles, bicycles and other assets that facilitate service delivery must be accounted for, serviced, ready and available to be used for work purpose. Quality Management Concerning Services Tangibles Reliability Responsiveness Competence Courtesy Access Supplier Relations Concerning Services Human Resource Management Concerning Services JIT in retail The key principles of JIT in any system are: No wastage, Total visibility, and Flexibility in the use of human and material resources In any environment these principles translate into three simple rules: dont start any work unless the demand signal indicates a need for more material; if the demand signal indicates a need, work to fill that need; and, never exceed the queue-size limit Automatic Replenishment Systems (ARS) is also an example of application of JIT in retail. JIT in Indian service industry A survey was done on the Indian service industry. The data was collected from the selected service industries and analyzed. The results of degree of importance are given in the table The most important element recognized by the Service industries was waste reduction (mean=0.8929). The least important element was JIDOKA (mean=0.5625). The elements of the study are mentioned in appendix table 1 JIT in hospitals Most research in the health care industry has been directed toward process and information system improvements. Generally, service environments such as health care are likely candidates for JIT if their operations are repetitive, have reasonably high volume, and deal with tangible items such as mail, checks, bills or letters. In hospitals, there is a vital department named CSSD (Centre for Sterilization Service department), the functions of which include materials management, instruments reception, washing, packing and sterilization, sterile store, instruments distribution As an illustration a previous supplier model can be analysed And compared with an improved model, which centralises and streamlines the supply chain JIT in administrative setting JIT practices and their effect on quality can be analysed Human elements of JIT Steps in implementation of JIT in service industry Eliminate disruptions in work of the employees and make the service system flexible and train the workers to handle more variety. reduce set-up time and eliminate waste including errors and duplicate work and minimise work-in process e.g. Packages waiting to be delivered, calls waiting to be answered, pending orders to be processed, trucks waiting to be loaded/unloaded Generally, service environment may benefit from jit system if the operations are repetitive, have high volume, and deal with tangible items e.g. Sandwiches, mail or bills services must involve manufacturing like operation Consistently high quality service employees can be taught the value of providing defect free services uniform facility loading reservation systems and differential pricing are ways to level the load on the facilities standardised work methods high efficiencies achieved by analysing work methods and standardising Close supplier ties volume services such as fast-food joints and mass merchandisers require close supplier contacts to ensure frequent short lead time and high quality shipment of supplies Flexible work force greater the customisation in the service, greater is the need for a multi-skilled workforce e.g. Electronic repair shops needing wider experienced workforce to diagnose the problems and repair the defects Line flow strategy mangers can recognise their employees and equipment to provide uniform flows through the system, and eliminate wasted employee time e.g. Banks use this system in their cheque processing operations Process improvement and problem solving can contribute to streamlining a system, resulting in increased customer satisfaction, and higher productivity e.g. Self service system including retail operations, ATM, vending machines, service stations etc which is the ability to provide services when required simplify the process, especially when customers are part of the system jit services , if achieved , can be a major competitive advantage for companies A Framework Appendix Table 1:

Implementation Of Porters Value Chain And Lean Systems

Implementation Of Porters Value Chain And Lean Systems Porters Value chain is a concept that categories the generic value-adding activities of an organisation in to two divisions. One is primary activities that consist of inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing sales and services and secondary activities such as procurement, infrastructure, technological development and human resource. These activities are performed to add value to the product and to obtain a competitive advantage in the industry. Porter (1985 p.11) says that value chain is the internal linkage between primary and supporting activities and external linkage with customers and suppliers. Garment manufacturing is a process of converting the raw materials such as fabric trims into a finished readymade garments. In this fast growing competition and unpredictable economic situation, it is essential for a manufacture to continuously improve the quality, timely delivery and competitive price to sustain it market place. Mannan and Ferdousi (2007, p.2) believes that nowadays the key to competing in the international market place is to simultaneously improve both quality and productivity on continual basis. In todays competitive and concurrently changing business world, lean production has brought a lot of changes in the management practices to improve organisational effectiveness and customer satisfaction and ensures sustainability (Karim, 2008). Nowadays customers have more opportunities to choose so they expect more competitive price with better quality and less lead-time. A study by Sohal (1996, p.91) indicates that most western manufactures have been aware of the need to improve their performance and competitiveness for nearly two decades and they were using lean production system to take advantage. The main reason for adopting lean system is to reduce production resource requirement and cost, increasing customer responsiveness and to improve quality these all lead to gain a competitive advantage and long-term sustainability. Papadopoulou and Ozbayrak (2005) states that lean philosophy spread to Japanese factories after it was successfully implemented in the Toyoto motor company, then most of the developed and developing countries are reaping several benifits from the lean practice, but in Bangladesh the adoption of lean system is very slow. Nowadays many countries in the world have identified the essence of lean system and started implementing lean tools in their garment manufacturing process and observed incredible improvement (Mazany, 1995 and Bruce et. al, 2004). As Mamun and Afrin (2001) argues that the few firms that have adopted lean practice have experienced an overall improvement in the corporate performance. In this report we are going to implement lean system in a Bangladesh based garment export house to obtain competitive advantage in this highly influential global market and in a view to obtain long-term sustainability in concern with corporate social responsibility. Exim Exports and its Value Chain Exim Exports is an ISO 9001:2000 company that manufactures and exports knitted garments to overseas buyers. It is based on Dhaka, Bangladesh. The main process of Exim Exports is to purchase yarn and knit it into fabric through it suppliers and dye or print the fabrics and cut, sew and finish into readymade garments. It produces casual T-shirts for reputed brands such as Calvin Klein, SF, Nike, TopShop and River Island etc. These buyers are very concern about quality and timely delivery. Using Porters Value chain model an activity analysis is been conducted below. Activity analysis Activity analysis identifies the step by step process that a company perform to satisfy its customers. It also involves how the company recruit people with the skills to give the best service, how the company motivates the employees and it steam to perform at optimum level, how the company keeps up to date with the latest technology, how the company choose and develop technologies that give cutting edge, how the company gets feedback from its customers and how it is going to improve further. Porter (1985. p12) has split the organisational activities into primary and support activities. Fig .1. Exim Exports Value chain Primary Activities in Exim Exports value chain Inbound logistics Transportation for raw materials from supplier to factory i.e. Yarn purchasing. Store department handle these operations by purchasing the yarn from suppliers and transporting to knitters. Then the knitted fabric should be moved to knitting to dyeing or printing. These operations could be followed by several supervisors. Operations Knitting, Dyeing or Printing, Cutting, Stitching, Finishing and Packing are the major operations. Knitting and Dyeing will be done outside the factory however the productions department, procurement and merchandising departments will be involved in this process. Outbound logistics Transportation for goods to deliver to customers agents, export documentation and accounts departments will be involved in this. Marketing and sales Merchandising team performs the marketing activities. Merchandising team is the communication platform between buyer and the factory in to get orders, sample approvals, fabric approvals and production approvals. Costing and order confirmations will be done my merchandising department. Service The goods are dually checked by the Exim Exports QA team and customer QAs to ensure the goods are as per customers requirement. However, in case of any customer compliance after selling the goods Exim Exports always work with the buyer to rectify the problems and will make sure to improve the discrepancies in future. Supporting activities in Exim Exports value chain Infrastructure Functional teams, organisational culture and resource are the main infrastructure that supports the core activities. Financial resource and other in-tangible assets of the company that add value to the product are into infrastructure. Human resource management Human resource handles all the general activities such as recruiting, hiring, training, compensating and dismissal of employees. Human resource department takes responsibility to maintain the whole production plant, machineries and adequate supply for required resource to the company. It also motivates the employees through incentives and other motivational aspects. Technological development The Company enjoys latest machineries and equipments that enable its production process. It invests more in the technological development according to latest advancement to obtain competitive edge. Procurement Purchasing or raw materials such as Yarn and Trims is been handled by an experienced team that could bargain with suppliers and profit the company. The team has good technical skills to save money through technical aspects. It ensures the quality of material is as per requirement. Fig . 2. Value chain analysis 1. Use of lean production in Exim Exports Exim Exports need changes in three major areas to improve its quality of product, timely delivery and to reduce wastages. First of all, at the area of Procurement Exim Exports enjoys an experienced team which is technically strong and has a good bargaining power with their suppliers and it can assure the quality of material that it purchase will be up to mark. However in this competitive economy it is necessary for the company to improve its communication with the production team to enable Pull Production to reduce wastage of time, money and resource. Poor communication between Fabric store and Production department leads to purchasing of fabric before requirement that to be stored as inventories or delay in fabric purchasing according to productions requirement that leads to waiting time delay in production cutting and stitching. According to the above needed changes to add value to the activities. It is necessary to implement lean system into this organisation to gain competitive advantage and sustainability. Mercado (2007) said that Under this highly competitive environment, garment industry has numerous opportunities for improvement through lean principles. To obtain a competitive advantage in this economy it is necessary to improve the quality, timely delivery and cost effective production. This could be achieved by using lean production tools. Empirical evidence shows that after implementing lean production in their organisation the companies identified variety of changes that took place within their organisation such as cultural change, education of workers and suppliers, empowerment of employees, relationship with suppliers, rearranging the manufacturing process and commitment to top level managers said Ferdousi and Ahmed (2009. p 110). 2.1 Value analysis and changes needed in Exim Exports value chain There are some main activities that should be concentrated to improve the performance of Exim Exports. They are, Procurement: Purchasing of yarn and trims, Procurement / Operations: Staking of fabrics and trims and movement of material between every process, Operations: Cutting, Finishing and Packing. Procurement The communication between the procurement team, production department and suppliers are not up to mark that leads to delay in materials or early purchasing of materials that should be stored as inventories. Inventory occupies the space and high inventory leads to wastage of money according to Time Value Money concept. So this is to be eliminated to improve the performance of Exim Export. Procurement / Operations Staking of fabric and trims are no up to mark. It leads to delay in organising materials while production starts. Poor staking also occupies more space and causes shortage of space for future materials. Movement of materials should be improved by reducing non-value adding movements and enhancing better material handling. Non-value adding motions are considered as waste which is to be eliminated. Operations Exim Exports enjoys skilled tailors and experienced supervisors and line managers. It dose have a good production planning team and effective execution. However the workers arent trained for multi tasking that leads to under utilization of employees which is again considered as waste. The supply chain between Cutting, Stitching, Finishing and Packing should be improved to avoid inventories and delays that lead to wastage of time and manpower. Employees should be motivated to improve the efficiency. Better quality management approach is needed. 2.2 Recommendations to eliminate waste in the value chain of Exim Exports According to the above identifications and lecturer overview about the empirical evidence of benefits of lean system in garment manufacturing industry, it is recommended to introduce lean production system in this organisation. In the area of procurement it is essential to implement JIT system to eliminate wastage of time and inventories. 5S model can be implemented in staking materials and movement of materials in between departments. This could lead to reduction of non-value adding movements and increases the efficiency in pulling back materials from stored area. It is also recommended to implement Kanban in the production process (from cutting to packing) that could eliminate under utilization of employees and reduce wastage and delays. Exim Exports could develop Kaizen throughout the process for continuous improvement in all areas i.e. improvement in quality, improvement in efficiency and work flow, improvement in reducing wastage etc Introducing JIT in Procurement to enhance communication between Procurement team, Production and Suppliers Procurement team should not purchase the materials according to their own plan or feasibility. It is recommended to communicate with the production department i.e. cutting and plan to purchase materials according to their requirement. Early purchase lead to raising inventory level and late purchase lead to increase in waiting time. Cutting department will send signals to the procurement about the requirement of raw materials for the future production. So that stores could communicate with the suppliers and purchase the materials according to the current requirement. JIT enables good relationship with the suppliers that create flexibility. Introducing 5S Model in staking areas of Exim Exports to enhance efficiency in the work place 5S stands for Sort, Set in order, Shine, Standardize and Sustain. It is the principle of improving safety, efficiency and employee morale by deciding what should be kept, where should be kept and how it should be kept that enables easy flow of materials and reduces bottle necks (Ferdousi and Ahmed, 2009). 5S should be implemented in the stores, cutting, stitching, finishing and packing areas wherever the materials are to be staked. 5S enables smooth flow of materials and it keeps the place neat and tidy. Standardized staking method enables employees to identify the right product on time and it eliminates the delay in searching. Introducing Kanban system of supply chain in Cutting, Stitching, Finishing and Packing departments Kanban system will enable an effective material supply between and within production units. Kanban enables multi tasking, so that a single operator can handle multiple operations. Human resource department will support in training and development of employees to ensure the workers are skilled enough to do multi tasking. Lakshmi (2009) says that Kanban uses a specific work space between operations to balance supply chain with demand. The space holds limited number of completed components in queue for next operation. If the space if full then there is no need to produce more, so that the operator can assist with other operations that may be slow. This resembles the pull production method with some buffers for next operation. It reduces over production wastage and increases employee motivation. Introducing Kaizen as a continuous improvement tool in Exim Exports value chain Kaizen is a continuous improvement tool. That can be used in all primary and supporting activities to maintain the standard and increase competitiveness sustainability. This can achieve by monitoring the progress of the current system and identifying the gap to improve the system. Kaizen deals with customer complaints and feedbacks that could enable continuous improvement in process. 3. Impact of above recommendations on the organisations resources and how above recommendations will ensure increased competitiveness, Long term sustainability and corporate social responsibility The above recommendations enable the company to eliminate wastages such as inventories, under utilization of employees, avoids wastage due to mistakes and uncertainties, delay in production, quality issues etc. These improvements have a direct impact of the companys resources. Inventories comprises of investment, storage cost and obsolescence. Carrying excess inventories may signal a lack of coordination and collaboration among supply chain partners as well as a lack of flexibility and agility to adjust to sudden demand shifts. This can result in increasing uncertainty about future earnings and their growth prospects, thereby negatively affecting the reputation of the firm and its market value (Singhal, 2005). Inman and Mehra (1993) identified that JIT adoption is correlated with the future financial success of the firm. Thus, if JIT adoption is viewed as beneficial capital expenditure, it will result in increased market prices. Kanban increases the flexibility of utilizing operators, reduce wastage due to over production, and reduce absenteeism and increases empowerment of employees thus leads to maximum utilization of companys resources. 5S model reduces the mistakes occur in production process such as wrong fabric cutting, reduces repetitive motion aliments that impacts the resource of the company (Lakshmi, 2009). Kaizen a continuous improvement tool increases the efficiency and reduces wastage that has a direct impact on companys resource. A case study by EPA (2003) indicates that the lean system enables reduction in resource requirement and cost of capital, increases customer responsiveness and improving product quality that boots the overall company profits and competitiveness. According to Yeung and Chan (1999, p.756) Manufactures are nowadays facing intensive global competition, they are becoming increasingly aware of the importance of modern management philosophy in providing with a competitive advantage in a free market system. Lean production and lean tools are the solution for achieving competitive advantage in this market place. The above recommended tools will enable the reduction in resource requirements and cost of capital by improving the utilization of employees, reduction of wastages, reduction of delays and avoiding mistakes that leads to loss of resource. It also ensures customer satisfaction by timely delivery and improved quality. Kaizen ensures the company is achieving competitive advantage against its competitors. Thus improved quality, reduced process cycle time, cut production cost and likely to improve delivery performance lead to customer satisfaction and sustainability. Lean systems have long realized the return from an engaged, well-trained, innovative workforce. By coordinating diverse production stages and management systems into a successful, enthusiastic, corporate culture, the vision and discipline of Lean-embracing executives transfer perfectly in Green transition. Lean provides a two-way channel, from the top down and then back up again, that fast tracks transition and reflects the foundational flow underlying Lean systems. Reduction of wastages enables a company to utilize the natural resources in the right way and making quality products increases the durability of the product which is one of the most important social responsibilities of the company. Corporations should take responsibility in reducing wastages of resources and should manufacture durable products that lead to less manufacturing and less pollution where lean system enables the same. 4. 1. Value stream mapping the framework to identify the types of wastages in both primary and support process Value stream mapping is a framework that could be used by the line-managers to identify the types of wastages in a value chain. The goal of value stream mapping is to identify, demonstrate and decrease the waste (Shingo, n.d). Value chain mapping identifies the non value adding activities in a process and eliminates wastage due to non-value adding activities. It focuses on visual maps the flow of materials and information from the time products come in the back door as a raw material through all manufacturing raw materials. In this frame work, the line-manager could be able to track the process flow and value addition to the product in every activity. Whenever a non value adding activity is identified then it is called as waste. Fig. 4. 1. Value stream mapping to identify the type of wastage Value-adding steps are drawn across the centre of the map and the non-value-adding steps be represented in vertical lines at right angles to the value stream. Thus the activities become easily separated into the value stream which is the focus of one type of attention and the waste steps another type. 4. 2. Identify the danger signals for each waste Upon the value stream mapping there are targets for a particular waste. If the actual figure exceeds the target a danger signal will be created. The danger signals of each waste can be identified by comparing the actual results with the targets. Using time study lead time of each and every process will be calculated and stored as a database. When the production starts the line manager could track the operations using the value stream mapping. Whenever the actual production status goes beyond the target a danger signal will be created. So that the manager could concentrate upon the particular operation where there is a need for improvement. There are lean tools such as Jidoka can be used to identify the danger signal. Whenever the quality turns out of control or wastage exceed the allowance a danger signal will be created that makes aware of the line manager. 4. 3. Framework that assists to respond to the danger signals Response to danger signals should be systematically handled. Once the manager noticed a danger signal, the manager should closely analysis and identifies the cause of wastage. Manager should ask themselves a few questions as a check list to ensure they are taking right decisions. First of all the manager should identify where the problem is? How the problem is been created? What is the impact of the problem in the value chain? Does it make economical sense to take a decision upon it? If the managers get answers for these questions then they could proceed with taking decisions. Then using Kaizen as a framework manager should take an appropriate solution to solve the current issue and ensures the system in running as per scheduled. Continuous improvement strategy should be taken in consideration before taking any decision. While taking decision the manager should consider about the current strategy that the company is pursuing. Conclusion While comparing and contradicting the Exim Exports value chain analysis and lecture review upon the current market situation and benefits of lean production in enhancing performance in the current market place it is recommended to implement Lean system in Exim Exports Value chain. JIT in Procurement enables a communication platform between stores, production and suppliers that lead to smooth flow of materials, without ant bottlenecks. Kanban in cutting, stitching, finishing and packing where an effective supply chain that enables pull production and reduces inventory. It is also recommended to implement 5S in the area of staking materials and kept ready to issue. So Based on the above analysis and discussion it is recommended that implementation of Lean system in Exim Exports Value chain will give overall profit to the organisation.

The Knight and the Miller Portrayed by Chaucer Essay -- Knight Miller

The Knight and the Miller Portrayed by Chaucer society. The Knight would be an educated member of society, whereas the Miller would be nearer the bottom of the social spectrum. The type of education each would have had is reflected in the language Chaucer uses in each portrait. In the Knights prologue Chaucer uses longer words and longer sentences. Chaucer lists all the battles the Knights has been in, and the long sentences used help to show the reader that the Knight is educated. In the Millers prologue shorter sentences and shorter words are used which infers that the Miller is uneducated. ‘A swerd and bokeler bar he by his side’ The two characters are defined by their role in society in the 14th century. The Knight and the Miller are complete opposites, not only in social status but also in terms of morals and values. The description of the Knight focuses on his deeds rather than his personality or physical appearance. This reflects the Knights character, that he is not bothered by how he looks to go on the pilgrimage ‘All besmotered with his habergeon, for he was late y-come from his voyage.’ This shows that the Knight is modest and doesn’t mind how he looks when he’s on the pilgrimage. The Miller on the other hand wears bold colours and seems like he has dressed up for going on the pilgrimage. Everything about him is big, both physically ‘Ful big he was of brawn, and eek of bones.’ and personality-wise. The words Chaucer uses to describe each character are very different. The Knights portrait includes words such as ‘worthynes’, ‘trouthe’ and ‘honour.’ These words show admiration for the Knight. The words used to describe the Miller on the other hand are very simple words. Chaucer compares him ... ...of the pilgrims have weapons but each for different reasons. The Knight has come from a battle and has used his weapon for fighting in the Crusades and for his faith, ‘For he was late y-come from his voyage, and wente for to do his pilgrimage.’ The Miller has his sword for show and bravado and it seems he only uses it for mindless violence. The references to the Millers strength show his severe lack of restraint, intelligence and social status. Chaucer has presented the two portraits to introduce the two characters before they tell their tales. They are each very different both in social status and in personality, which is a reason why Chaucer put the tales next to eachother in the ‘Canterbury Tales,’ as it creates a contrast and variation in the story. The two portraits lay the foundations for both the Miller and the Knight to tell the tales they tell.

Nature of Logic and Perception :: essays research papers

According to the American Heritage dictionary, the definition of Logic is â€Å"the study of the principles of reasoning, especially of the structure of propositions as distinguished from their content and of method and validity in deductive reasoning†. It also says that logic is â€Å"valid reasoning.† I believe that logic and critical thinking are closely related in that logic is used in the process of thinking critically. Perception, as stated in the American Heritage dictionary, is â€Å"the process, act, or faculty of perceiving†. Perceiving is to become aware through any of the senses. I think that a lot of my behavior or actions are driven by my feelings or attitudes. An example would be if I were feeling angry my action could be to yell at the person I was angry with. I think that my feelings or attitudes are driven by my beliefs. I come from a dysfunctional family, like most of us I guess (assumption), and my mother was the primary care giver in our home. I have seven brothers and sisters however I was raised with my two youngest sisters so I was the oldest in the house. My older brother is thirteen years older than me and my older sister is just one year old than me. Growing up, I had some a few good memories of my older brother, but I had no memories of my older sister. Actually I should say that I have no visual memories of my sister. My mother told me stories of my sister. The weird thing is that growing up, it seemed like she had this long relationship with here, but in reality it was only a little over a year. After I was born, my mother separated from her husband and lost custody of her daughter and never saw her again until recently when my youngest sister found her. Boy that was an Oprah story! Anyway, the reason I bring all this up is because my perceptions growing up regarding my mother’s life were full of pain.

Weather and Famous Landmarks

15. Choose the word that means the same or similar to the word  «nature ». ?) environment; ?) scenery; ?) landscape; ?) view. 5  « -2011 » 8 16. Match the quotation with one of the sources listed below: Interested in photography? Fujiko have produced an amazing new mini-camera – the advanced 1001x. 3 1. What kind of film would you see if you wanted to get a detailed information about a definite subject? ?) animated cartoon; ?) thriller; 2. ?) documentary; ?) trailer. ?) recipe; ?) instruction; 17. ?) announcement; ?) ad.Do you know that the English Queen, Elizabeth II, is the only person in Britain with two birthdays. Her official birthday is on the second Saturday in June. When is her real birthday? ?) on April 21; ?) on May 21; ?) on July 21; ?) on August 21. Choose one of the following as the appropriate reaction to the statement: My friend has seen this film already. ?) So I have; ?) So have I; ?) I so have; ?) I have so. 18. Do you know who gave Britain it s modern name? ?) the Romans; ?) the Anglo-Saxons; ?) the Celts; ?) the Dutch. 3. Who said:  «The world is a stage and people are merely actors »? ) R. Stevenson; ?) B. Show; ?) O. Wild; ?) W. Shakespeare. 19. Read the weather forecast and decide in what season this weather is expected to be: The South East will see the best of today’s weather. It will be warm, no winds, and sunshine nearly all day, with temperatures around ten or fifteen, so quite warm for the time of the year. 4. There are eight public holidays in Great Britain. Do you know that they are called: ?) Bank Holidays; ?) Festival Days; ?) Feast Days; ?) Carnival Days. ?) winter; ?) spring; 20. ?) summer; ?) autumn. You can find the name of these animals in the Red Book. ) rabbits; ?) foxes; ?) Indian tigers; ?) sharks. 5. Stonehenge is: ?) one of the most famous landmarks of ancient Canadian history; ?) one of the most famous landmarks of ancient British history; ?) one of the most famous landmarks of ancien t Australian history; ?) one of the most famous landmarks of ancient American history. —————————————————-  «Ã‚ » Web-site: www. uclever. com, e-mail: [email  protected] com 4 6. John likes to spend much time in the open air.When he does his hobby for more than one day he takes a rucksack, a tent and a compass with him. Can you guess John’s hobby? ?) running; ?) fishing; ?) hiking; ?) swimming. 7. Which of the library rooms provides video and film circulation, and audiovisual equipment circulation? 10. Complete the following tongue-twister with an appropriate word: Swan swam over the sea, Swim, swan, swim! Swan swam back again. Well †¦ , swan! ?) swum; ?) swim; ?) swam; ?) swims. 11. Link the following paragraph with one of the cities listed below: This city is on the river Mersey.It’s famous for its football teams and for the Beatle s. ?) Cardiff; ?) Birmingham; ?) Manchester; ?) Liverpool. ?) the reading room; ?) the multimedia hall; ?) the book borrowing department; ?) catalogue. 12. The American traveller and scientist Lowell Thomas thinks that Grand Canyon, Glacier Bay, the Mammoth Cave, Victoria Falls, Baikal, Mountain Everest and Yellowstone National Park are: ?) seven Nature’s enigmas; ?) seven Nature’s wonders; ?) seven Nature’s gifts; ?) seven Nature’s mysteries. 8. Look at the following list of adjectives.Which would apply to a sportsman? ?) weak; ?) awkward; ?) enduring; ?) stout. 13. In which part of Britain do the men wear a kilt? ?) Wales; ?) England; ?) Scotland; ?) Ireland. 9. The following sentence contains an idiom. The key word is missing in the idiom. Choose the correct word: If you have any trouble with your homework, I'll be glad to give you a †¦ . 14. Match the first half of a proverb with an appropriate second half: Custom is †¦ ?) hand; ?) head; ?) hair; ?) hip. ?) the second habit; ?) the second nature; ?) the second manner; ?) the second tradition.

Factors Influencing Conflicts In Schools Education Essay

THESIS PROPOSAL FOR THE MASTERS DEGREE IN EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIPIntroduction:Organizational psychologists start with the position that there is, or can be, a echt struggle between a human being and his or her occupation of work, between the satisfaction of the demands of the single worker, and the demands of the using organisation. However, some common land between them is that: people have demands and, accordingly, motivations for making things. These demands and motivations, hence, do impact peoples behavior, and their behaviour c an be explained, ( Chris, A. ) . There can be conflict between the ends of the organisations and the ends of people working for those organisations. The manner to avoid such struggles in pattern is non by offering payoffs and sweetenings to the workers, nor is it by offering them monolithic public assistance plans, but is by altering the really construction and ends of the organisation to suit peoples personal ends, ( Chris, A. , in Kooontz, H. and C. O'Donnel, 1976 ) . While other minds suggest that, the best type of organisation is one which succeeds best in accomplishing the adjustment of peoples personal ends by advancing worker engagement in determination devising, enabling workers to carry through themselves and utilize a broad assortment of endowments, direction by aims instead than by authorization, and eventually, good communicating and expressive supervising. Schools as organisations are said to be influenced by a combination of factors and have their ain organisational civilization of alteration and development, ( Mbiti, D.M.,1974 ) .In most instances, school development implies the direction of planned alteration. These alterations may at times be consistent or non consistent with the organisational civilization, ( ) .Unplanned alterations are no more than accidents, ( ) . An effort to redesign a school organisational civilization in the manner that will accommodate to the alterations within and in the external environment or to efficaciously accomplish the ends sometimes result into struggles, Mosha, H. ( 1994 ) .This may be caused by displacements in the involvement and perceptual experiences of the organisation members, fright of alteration, self involvement, perceptual experience of the organisation ends schemes by instructors or long for ‘good old yearss ‘ . The school direction has to get the better of these factors if it is to carry through the planned alteration.`BACKGROUND TO THE PROBLEMSchools have traditionally been expected to learn kids academic accomplishments. The school has the duty to develop in each kid a favorable attitude towards learning.Schools are besides topographic points where pupils interact with one another, their instructors and educational decision makers. Many pedagogues believe that pupil behavior affects academic accomplishment ( Boothe, Bradley, Flick, Keough, and Kirk,1993 ) . Traditional disciplinary patterns include assorted signifiers of penalty based on the premise that if negative behaviors are eliminated, the schoolroom clime will be contributing for acquisition, ( Canter & A ; Canter, 1992 ) . Critics of traditional disciplinary patterns believe that the accent on penalty â€Å" thwarts development of pupil duty, leading, independency and mutuality † ( Dreyfuss,1990, in Mahduri Pendharkar,1995 ) . Tanzania like any other developing states is at the head to do socio economic transmutations to accomplish some laid down rules in the Millenium Development Goals ( MDGs ) . Some major transmutations have been directed towards bettering the direction and public presentation of educational establishments including more enrolment in both primary and secondary schools, and prioritising misss instruction, ( TDREG 1989 ) .The period between 2000 t0 2005 have showed an increased school registration. This has besides impacted on enlisting of more instructors and increased authorities outgo in instruction, ( BEST 2005 ) . While improved public presentation in instruction is expected, developing for direction is often neglected. The impact has reflected on often and repeated struggles in schools attesting in boycott, public violence, bead outs, every bit good as dislocation of managerial capacities and answerability in some schools. Whereas, struggle declaration accomplishments for instructors or pupils in most schools is non emphasized. In most schools in Tanzania there are discipline Masterss, Patrons and Matrons whose traditional function is to stamp down negative behaviors of pupils. Some of them were appointed on the footing of certain personal properties instead than the needed accomplishments. Most of them lack conflict direction accomplishments. As a consequence pupils hate them. This is impacted by deficiency of struggle declaration accomplishments in schools. The accent is on stiff regulations and subject. Lyons and Hathering ( 1992 ) pointed out that, organisation wellness is characterized by high degrees of trust, low struggle and clash, regard for differences, personal freedom and single liberty in forms of supervising and control. Conflict in schools need to be decently managed in order to make a healthy organisational clime that is so of import for effectual acquisition and public presentation of duties. Mosha, H.J. ( 1994 ) stressed that, some struggles in higher acquisition establishments occur due to miss of proper diagnosing taking to crisis. Conflicts in schools are either non understood or non managed decently. Burton ( 1969 ) suggested for struggle direction which include disincentive schemes aimed at avoiding escalation of struggle while keeping control without giving manner. Burton farther suggested that if struggle physiques towards crisis successful direction should be able to turn the conflicting forces towards a constructive instead than a destructive way. However, instructors developing plans in Tanzania have non provided for greater flexibleness for instructors to pull off struggles other than going martinets. Mismanagement of struggles in schools has resulted into increased authorities intercession taking to closing of schools and increased outgo. Meanwhile, effectual instruction and acquisition plans are ever impaired taking to farther crisis in schools and the authorities in general. The state of affairs besides creates burn out to some instructors to alter their calling.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:The intent of this survey is to look into on the factors act uponing struggles in schools in Tanzania. Several struggles have been reported to hold annihilating impacts. There are often and repeated struggles in most schools in Tanzania. The scientific account about the nature of these struggles is non good established neither documented. It has besides been reported that those struggles involve school decision makers and instructors, instructors and pupils, pupils and the school disposal, every bit good as pupils themselves. At some degrees struggles escalate to affect the external school envir onment. The impacts of these struggles have resulted into loss of lives of some pupils, demolished school edifices, public violences, boycott and increased belligerencies in the workplace, deficiency of contributing learning larning environment, dismissal and suspension of pupils, decision makers and instructors. This survey hence, is an effort to look into on the nature of struggles in schools, and perchance come up with the existent account as to why they often occur, every bit good to set up attacks that can be applied to harmonise the state of affairs.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:( a ) . To place the nature of struggles in public secondary schools in Tanzania. ( B ) . To set up agencies to minimise struggles in schools. ( degree Celsius ) . To lend and widen cognition and accomplishments in struggle direction for schools instructors and decision makers. ( vitamin D ) . To act upon the authorities policy in instruction, struggle direction is an built-in portion of the modern-day school environment.RESEARCH QUESTIONS/HYPOTHESES:Significance OF THE STUDY:This survey is intended to be wide spectrum in nature. It is expected to come up with possible account of the beginnings of struggles in schools as acquisition and work topographic points in Tanzania. It will besides set up possible preventative struggle direction attacks that are so indispensable and could be applied in deciding struggles which arise in the school environment. Whereas, the survey is expected to lend the coevals of new penetrations, cognition and accomplishments in direction in general, and organize a baseline for school decision makers, directors, instructors and pupils to reflect on during state of affairss of jobs taking to struggles. This survey is possibly the innovator one every bit far as conflict direction in schools is concerned. It is expected to act upon the policy of the authorities. Conflicts in the modern-day school environment are going portion and package of the entire instruction system. Finally, the survey will impact on other broader dimensions of the societal systems in Tanzania.LITERATURE REVIEW:This subdivision reviews and examines briefly some literature on relevant scholarly work. Mosha, H.J. ( 1994 ) describes struggle as an synergistic opposing behaviour between two or more people, organisations or systems over incompatible ends, involvements, scarce resources, values, belief system, power and prestigiousness, nature of relationship every bit good as public presentation. He farther states that, struggles behaviours may run from rational jostle or malicious chitchat all the manner to utilize of physical force to do devastation of belongings or physical hurt. Mosha, ( 1994 ) further suggests that struggles are built-in portion of any societal system they need to be decently managed in order to make a healthy organisational clime that is so of import for effectual public presentation of duties. Whereas, Lyons and Hatherly, ( 1992 ) remark on organisational wellness that is the province in establishments characterized by by and large high degrees of trust, low struggle and single liberty in forms of supervising and control. Lyons and Hatherly farther insist that in wellness organisations relationships are honest, there is high grade of trust, hapless public presentation is confronted and joint solutions sought. Peoples feel free to signal jobs and take part in happening solutions. Murphy and Saal ( 1990 ) in Mosha, ( 1994 ) stated that struggle direction is a procedure of going aware of existent or possible struggle, naming its nature and range and using appropriate methodological analysis to spread the emotional energy involved and enable challenging parties to understand and decide their differences. While, Burton ( 1969 ) adds on struggle direction that include disincentive schemes aimed at avoiding escalation of struggle while keeping control without giving manner. Harmonizing to Gray and Starke ( 1990 ) traditionalists conceived struggle as being per se bad. Under this school of thought members of the organisation who caused the struggle were regarded as emotionally disturbed, otherwise they should non hold caused the struggle. Therefore, to extinguish the struggle and thereby work out the job it was necessary to fire or acquire psychiatric aid for the responsible employees ( Jandt and Gillettee,1985 ) . The modern theoreticians harmonizing to ( Gray and Starke,1990 ) in Mosha, ( 1994 ) argue that organisational struggle is neither good nor bad per Se, and that it is inevitable. Conflict is inevitable and non needfully harmful. Indeed, they continue to reason that you can non hold an organisation, community or society that is free from struggle. However, Mosha, H.J. ( 1979:169 ) argues that competency should be the major standard for engagement as educational jobs have branchings that require attending and specialised aid is utile in mobilising needed cognition and judgement. At another graduated table of looking at leading manners, Bennis, W.G. , ( 1989 ) was of the position that the challenges facing organisational leaders are dashing even to the most audacious. Bennis farther remarks that organisational restructuring has bulldozed off much worker morale and trueness, along with many degrees of direction and 1000s of occupations. The disentangled bonds between workers and organisations have increased worker alienation and raised turnover. Bennis, W.G. ( 1989 ) farther commented on accomplishing manners, civilizations, values, wagess and discontinuities that organisations have their particular achieving manners, manners that their civilizations, consciously or unconsciously instill in their members. That is, organisations characteristically reward certain sorts of accomplishing behaviour and punish or disregard other sorts. Organizational civilization both comfort and command its members. It comforts them by bring forthing a familiar context for organisational life and offering rank to those who conform. At the same clip, organisational civilization controls members by compressing the scope of behaviors and attitudes that are valued and rewarded. Furthermore, Max Weber ( 1864-1920 ) examined the organisation and came up with the sentiment that the term organisation meant the ordination of societal relationships, the care of which certain persons took upon themselves as a particular undertaking. Weber, farther maintains that the presence of a leader and an administrative staff was a feature of an organisation, which in fact was them who preserved the organisation. Hence, basic to Weber ‘s thoughts was the impression that human behaviour is regulated by regulations. The being of a distinguishable set of regulations was inexplicit in the construct of organisation. On direction, Henry Fayol ( 1916 ) stated that to pull off is to calculate and be after to form, to command and to coordinate and to command. While G.A. Cole ( 1994 ) proposed a on the job definition for strategic direction as a procedure directed by top direction to find the cardinal purposes or ends of the organisation and guarantee a scope of determinations which will let for the accomplishment of those purposes or ends in the long-run whilst supplying for adaptative responses in the short term. The above implies that, if the direction is non successful in covering with oppositions to alter and if it still wishes to alter and continues to implement the alteration plan, struggle will finally originate, Mosha, ( 1994 ) . Whereas, Ekval, G. ( 1993 ) cautioned that where counter groups, divisions and cantonments exist the work clime is bound to be hapless.